Pour avoir abandonné progressivement des pratiques ancestrales d’exploitation des déchets, en l’absence de maîtrise de leur gestion moderne, ces derniers font que l’environnement a fini par être submergé de détritus de tout genre et dénaturé, du fait que ces derniers viennent s’accumuler dans tous les coins et recoins du pays. Ce qui fait que notre contexte environnemental est insalubre, ce qui n’autorise pas les activités ornementales qui puissent valoriser un paysage auquel la nature a offert des milliers de sites naturels à couper le souffle, vus du loin.
Par Akli Moussouni
Expert senior, directeur des programmes de SIMDE
Dans ce contexte, il convient de rappeler que la matrice organique des déchets ménagers et émondes de marchés, ainsi que les résidus de l’industrie agricole et agroalimentaire constituent l’essentiel (environ 80 %) des 12 millions de tonnes dégagés annuellement, ce qui représente la plus grande menace pour les écosystèmes en termes de pollution. Pour se désintégrer dans le cycle du carbone, cette matrice doit satisfaire une demande biologique en oxygène (DOB). En termes communs, elle doit polluer, en plus de la défiguration de l’esthétique du paysage et de l’environnement de l’agglomération, dont le manque à gagner économique est considérable en termes de récupération de matières, en faisant obstacle au développement du tourisme en plus des conséquences sur la santé et la morale publique.
Sous d’autres cieux où la culture de la récupération a été inculquée aux sociétés, le déchet produit jusqu’à la lumière, contrairement à notre pays où il «souffre», comme pour toutes les opportunités de développement, des recettes faciles de la vente des ressources fossiles. Cette photo de déchets encombrant un transformateur électrique montre à quel point le «je-m’en-foutisme» a infecté nos politiques environnementales et énergétiques.
Où on est-on dans le monde en matière de technologie dans traitement des déchets et des opportunités économiques offertes?
Les nouvelles technologies de recyclage des déchets sont mises en pratique à travers des systèmes intégrés dans la réhabilitation des décharges sauvages et sanitaires, pour produire de l’énergie électriques à partir de la biométhanisation et de la gazéification-incinération, et en même temps, une diversité de matériaux qui, chacun de par sa nature, est traité et recyclé dans l’économie. L’option «ZERO DECHETS» n’est plus un mirage, mais une réalité. Les déchets biodégradables sont destinés pour la production d’énergie et de compost, les déchets du papier, le plastique, le verre et le métal sont traités et recyclés en tant que matière première secondaire.
Le processus de production de l’aliment de bétail et des engrais organiques à partir de ces déchets, dont la décomposition aérobie se fait entre 3 à 12 mois, selon les techniques traditionnelles, la fermentation rapide par l’injection d’enzymes réduit cette période de décomposition à 24 heures, pour obtenir des matières disposant d’une très haute digestibilité substantielle. Il est possible aussi de faire des combinaisons de mélanges de différentes matières végétales et animales dans ces systèmes, pour produire divers types d’aliments pour chats, chiens, poissons, etc.
Les résidus qui peuvent devenir des aliments de bétail sont les matrices de base végétale disposant d’une haute teneur en protéines, donc de haute digestibilité, pomme la pulpe d’olives, la pulpe d’orange, de pêches, de pommes, la palme sèche du palmier, résidus de pêcherie. Aussi, les produits alimentaires dépréciés, le lactosérum rejeté des laiteries, la paille enrichie à l’ammoniac (NH3), peuvent servir de matière première pour la fabrication d’aliments monodiètes sous formes de pellettes, de granulés ou autres, en mesure d’atténuer d’une manière significative le coût de revient du lait et des viandes.
Les autres déchets de volailles, d’abattoirs et tous les autres déchets organiques peuvent être convertis en fertilisants de haute qualité, par rapport à leur niveau élevé en azote, phosphore et calcium (N, P, K,) de haute capacité de dissolution dans le sol. Du fait du faible ratio qui caractérise le rapport carbone/azote (C/N), ils contribuent très efficacement à la régulation de la structure du sol et à la croissance des plantes, en améliorant ses capacités d’échange de cations (CEC). Mais aussi ils permettent de retenir au sol l’eau 10 fois plus qu’actuellement. Ce qui est important par rapport à l’usage rationnel de l’eau d’irrigation
L’investissement dans le traitement et le recyclage des déchets est connu des plus rentables dans la nomenclature mondiale de l’investissement. En Algérie, une vingtaine d’activités produisent des déchets recyclables, mais l’aberration réside dans le fait que de nombreuses entreprises algériennes sont dans l’obligation de faire appel à l’importation de matières, dont une bonne partie est enfouie dans nos décharges. L’Algérie ne dispose ni d’industrie de recyclage des déchets ni de catalogue de ses déchets. Le tri sélectif à la base de toute industrie de recyclage des déchets a de tout temps été renvoyé aux calendes grecques.
Quelles solutions techniques adopter chez nous ?
Au lieu de continuer à diaboliser faussement le citoyen par rapport à son «incivisme», il serait plus judicieux d’admettre que le vrai problème que pose ce déchet est le non-retour pour le bonheur de ce citoyen. Selon notre analyse, cette problématique fait ressortir que la piste la plus sûre, la plus faisable et la plus efficace résiderait dans la transformation d’une contrainte écologique en opportunité économique. Un principe qui a montré son efficacité de par le monde. Il nous appartient de l’adopter en fonction des besoins de notre contexte socioéconomique.
La valorisation de ces déchets en sous-produits économiques passe par le traitement à l’amont des actions et ou des phénomènes qui les ont générés. Cette dynamique nécessite une nouvelle organisation de la société, une nouvelle machinerie, qui impose de nouvelles infrastructures et exige de nouvelles méthodes de gestion, à commencer par réduire le volume à la source. Ne dit-on pas que le meilleur déchet est celui qu’on n’a pas produit ?
Ce n’est qu’à travers cette vision de «récupérer, traiter et transformer» les déchets qu’il est possible de traiter toute la question de l’environnement. C’est, donc, autour de cette optique qu’il y a lieu d’envisager l’organisation et les mécanismes à mettre en œuvre.
Que peut apporter la récupération des déchets à l’économie nationale et comment ?
La qualité spécifique de chaque sous-produit recyclé provenant de différentes filières (agriculture, énergie, industrie.) peuvent servir à la construction d’un marché potentiel de matière récupérée. Mais les limites de performances en termes de propriété d’amélioration des sols ou autre usage doivent être considérées à l’idée d’envisager des procédés, dont les coûts ne doivent en aucun cas surpasser les limites de rentabilité économique.
Il est important de prévoir des solutions intégrées pour le traitement et la valorisation adaptés à chaque résidu. Le processus de traitement de ces déchets doit reposer sur des techniques à choisir, dont l’objectif est l’obtention d’une massebiologique organique assainie en termes physique et microbiologiques, et ayant une valeur agronomique élevée, très adaptée pour l’usage auquel elle est destinée, dans le cas des résidus organiques. Un tel composé comme moyen de fertilisation organique, et comme substrat de culture, aura pour effet final et comme résultat, l’augmentation du degré de fertilité des sols et la réduction du risque de désertification qui menace le reste du pays. La redynamisation à grande échelle absolument incontournable pour réduire le déficit du sol en matière organique, obéit plus que jamais aux lois du marché, qu’il y a lieu de créer à la faveur d’une agriculture qui occupe plus d’espace.
Notre pays accuse un déficit accru dans l’alimentation animale. Le cas le plus flagrant : les viandes blanches dont la filière dépend à 100 % des importations pour son alimentation, tandis que les viandes rouges sont pratiquement les plus chères au monde, par rapport au pouvoir d’achat des Algériens. En effet, le prix du kg de steak coûte environ 10% du SMIG ! Il y a, donc, nécessité de l’utilisation d’autres ressources pour pallier au déficit en nourriture animale.
Il serait, donc, nécessaire de mettre en place un organe de recherche, de suivi et d’assistance technique, pour encadrer l’usage de ces déchets et les retombées économiques que vont générer les futurs ateliers de leur traitement.
Cet organe de recherche doit être accompagné, à son tour, par un comité technique d’encadrement de l’alimentation animale et la fertilisation du sol, en se dotant d’un système de formulation pour rendre plus performants les sous-produits à dégager, pour couvrir un besoin largement déficitaire.
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Understanding the World of Adult Comics and Fetishes**
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Exploring Female Dominance: Empowerment, Dynamics, and Relationships**
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The rise of female dominance in both professional and personal spheres signals a
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